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Mental Health of Children and Young People During COVID-19: A Call for a Preventive Approach

Received: 16 July 2021    Accepted: 27 July 2021    Published: 5 August 2021
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Abstract

This article answers the research question of whether it is true that the socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and young people has been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is twofold. Doomsayers have written off children and young people because they are socioemotional and psychologically 'damaged' by COVID-19. The positivists, on the other hand, see COVID-19 as a wonderful learning factory where children and young people learn to cope with socioemotional and psychological setbacks. Doomsayers are guided by capitalist insights. Those insights are that children and young people as future "wage slaves" are unable to provide pensions and care for the "older" generation because they have become socially and mentally handicapped by the COVID-19 pandemic. The positivists, on the other hand, are guided by the view that COVID-19 is an incentive to strengthen existing social groups, such as extended families, neighborhoods and tribes, with their solution-oriented approaches to issues and problems learned during COVID-19. This article reaches this conclusion by reasoning critically about the assumptions underlying the view that children and young people are worse off socioemotional and psychologically because of the COVID-19 pandemic than they were before it. Not only does this article make use of logical reasoning, but also of the existing literature on children and young people, the COVID-19 pandemic and socioemotional and psychological wellbeing. This article is structured as follows. Figures are presented on the impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in many countries, non-Western and Western. Furthermore, a distinction is made throughout the article between immigrants, refugees and the indigenous population. The first two groups are particularly affected by COVID-19 in socio-economic and psychological terms, as is the case for the indigenous population with a low socio-economic status. This article also contains the scarce figures on the availability of online education for children and young people, for immigrants, refugees and natives. Finally, the socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and young people is examined through the lenses of negative and positive psychology. This article harshly doubts the efforts of mental health services for children and adolescents, they are too individualistic, especially in the western world. This article supports the preventive approach to the possible psychological lack of socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and adolescents through psycho-education and an approach through extended families by leaning on their sources of strength and resilience. A great example is the Chinese approach.

Published in Humanities and Social Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15
Page(s) 106-121
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Children, Youngsters, COVID-19, Preventive Mental Health, Negative and Positive Psychology, Western, and Non-western

References
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[3] Cotte, June, Ratneshwar, S., and Mick, David, Clen (2004). The Times of Their Lives: Phenomenological and Metaphorical Characteristics of Consumer Time styles. 2004 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. Vol. 31 September 2004.
[4] Droeven, Valerie en Maenhout, Klaas (24 June, 2021). Ik heb dit jaar enkele leerlingen zien uitdoven, de lichtjes uit hun ogen verdwenen. De Standaard. https://ap.lc/QPnIk.
[5] Hillis, Susan D., Unwin, H., Juliette, T., Chen, Yu, Cluver, Lucie, Sherr, Lorraine, Goldman, Philip S., Ratmann, Oliver, Donnelly, Christl, A., Bhatt, Samir, Villveces, Andrés, Butchart, Alexander, Bachman, Gretchen, Rawlings, Laura, Green, Phil, Nelson III, Charles, A., and Flaxman, Seth. (2021). Global minimum estimates affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and death of caregivers: a modelling study. THE LANCET. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01253-8. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01253-8/fulltext.
[6] Liang, Leilei, Rem, Hui, Cao, Ruilin, Hu, Yueyang, Qin, Zeying, Li, Chuanen and Mei, Songli (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health. Psychiatric Quarterly (2020) 91: 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
[7] Liu, Jia, Jia, Bao, Yanping, Huang, Xiaolin, Shi, Jie and Lu, Lin (2020). Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. www.thelancet.com/child-adolescent Vol 4 May 2020. Published Online March 27, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1.
[8] Juneja, A., Singh, N., Sultan, A. and Juneja, A. (2020). Negative Impact of COVID-19 on the Lives of Children: an Indian Perspective. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. J Adv Sci Res, 2020; 11 Suppl 3: 44-48.
[9] Mohapatra, Ranjan, K., Mishra, Snehasish, Azam, Mohammad, and Dhama, Kuldeep (2021). Letter to the Editor. COVID-19, WHO guidelines, pedagogy, and respite. Open Medicine 2021; 16: 491–493. https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2021-0266.
[10] OECD (2020). Tackling CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19): Contributing to a Global effort (oecd.org/coronavirus). What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Immigrants and their Children?
[11] OECD (29 June, 2020). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Education and COVID-19: Focusing on the long-term impact of school closures. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/education-and-covid-19-focusing-on-the-long-term-impact-of-school-closures-2cea926e/.
[12] Pogosyan, Marianne (2017). Resilience. What Makes Families Resilient? Nurturing strength amid adversity. Psychology Today. Posted Oktober 11, 2017. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201710/what-makes-families-resilient.
[13] Prime, Heather, Browne, Dillon T. and Wade, Mark (2020). Risk and Resilience in Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Psychologist. 2020, Vol. 75, No. 5, 631–643. ISSN: 0003-066X http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660.
[14] Rielaender, Jan (2020). COVID-19 impacts through the lens of exposure and Resilience. Development Co-operation Report 2020: Learning from Crises, Building Resilience. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/8faa5454-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/8faa5454-en.
[15] Rousseau, Cécile, and Miconi, Diana (2020). Protecting Youth Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Challenging Engagement and Learning Process. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Volume 59 / Number 11 / November 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.007.
[16] Schneble, Marc, Nicola, De, Giacomo, Kauermann, Göran and Berger, Ursula (2020). Spotlight on the dark figure: Exhibiting dynamics in the case detection ratio of COVID-19 infections in Germany. MedRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248763; this version posted December 24, 2020.
[17] Steinmetz, Carl H. D. & Berg, van den, Jette C. (2015). De Grootfamilie aan Zet. De participatiemaatschappij in het klein. Mens en Maatschappij. ISBN: 978-94-92182-1. Grootfamilieaanzet. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322342263_De_Grootfamilie_aan_Zet_De_participatiemaatschappij_in_het_klein.
[18] Steinmetz, Carl H. D. (2020). COVID-19, Superdiversity, Crisis-Communication and Leadership: Lessons to be Learned. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research Vol. 4, No. 06; 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342420443_COVID-19_SUPERDIVERSITY_CRISIS-COMMUNICATION_AND_LEADERSHIP_LESSONS_TO_BE_LEARNED.
[19] Steinmetz, Carl Hermann Dino (2021). Somatic and Psychological Consequences of Covid-19 on Healthcare Professionals and its Effects on Healthcare Delivery in a Teaching Hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research. Vo. 5. No. 01; 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349057534_Somatic_and_Psychological_Consequences_of_Covid-19_on_Healthcare_Professionals_and_Its_Effects_on_Healthcare_Delivery_in_a_Teaching_Hospital_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Pakistan.
[20] Steinmetz, Carl H. D. (2021). Coping with Incidents: a First Step Towards Overhaul. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research. Vol. 5. No. 02: 2021. DOI: 10.51505/ijmshr.2021.5207. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350063392_Coping_with_Incidents_a_First_Step_Towards_a_Thorough_Overhaul.
[21] Thomson, Helen (2021). Children with long covid. 10 | New Scientist | 27 February 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00303-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927578/.
[22] Tso, W. W. Y., Wong, R. S., Tung, K. T. S. et al. Vulnerability and resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01680-8.
[23] Walsh, F. (2011). Family resilience: A collaborative approach in response to stressful life events. In S. M. Southwick, D. Charney, M. J. Friedman (Eds.). Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan (pp. 149-161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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    Carl Hermann Dino Steinmetz. (2021). Mental Health of Children and Young People During COVID-19: A Call for a Preventive Approach. Humanities and Social Sciences, 9(4), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15

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    Carl Hermann Dino Steinmetz. Mental Health of Children and Young People During COVID-19: A Call for a Preventive Approach. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2021, 9(4), 106-121. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15

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    AMA Style

    Carl Hermann Dino Steinmetz. Mental Health of Children and Young People During COVID-19: A Call for a Preventive Approach. Humanit Soc Sci. 2021;9(4):106-121. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15,
      author = {Carl Hermann Dino Steinmetz},
      title = {Mental Health of Children and Young People During COVID-19: A Call for a Preventive Approach},
      journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
      volume = {9},
      number = {4},
      pages = {106-121},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20210904.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20210904.15},
      abstract = {This article answers the research question of whether it is true that the socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and young people has been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is twofold. Doomsayers have written off children and young people because they are socioemotional and psychologically 'damaged' by COVID-19. The positivists, on the other hand, see COVID-19 as a wonderful learning factory where children and young people learn to cope with socioemotional and psychological setbacks. Doomsayers are guided by capitalist insights. Those insights are that children and young people as future "wage slaves" are unable to provide pensions and care for the "older" generation because they have become socially and mentally handicapped by the COVID-19 pandemic. The positivists, on the other hand, are guided by the view that COVID-19 is an incentive to strengthen existing social groups, such as extended families, neighborhoods and tribes, with their solution-oriented approaches to issues and problems learned during COVID-19. This article reaches this conclusion by reasoning critically about the assumptions underlying the view that children and young people are worse off socioemotional and psychologically because of the COVID-19 pandemic than they were before it. Not only does this article make use of logical reasoning, but also of the existing literature on children and young people, the COVID-19 pandemic and socioemotional and psychological wellbeing. This article is structured as follows. Figures are presented on the impact of COVID-19 on children and young people in many countries, non-Western and Western. Furthermore, a distinction is made throughout the article between immigrants, refugees and the indigenous population. The first two groups are particularly affected by COVID-19 in socio-economic and psychological terms, as is the case for the indigenous population with a low socio-economic status. This article also contains the scarce figures on the availability of online education for children and young people, for immigrants, refugees and natives. Finally, the socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and young people is examined through the lenses of negative and positive psychology. This article harshly doubts the efforts of mental health services for children and adolescents, they are too individualistic, especially in the western world. This article supports the preventive approach to the possible psychological lack of socioemotional and psychological well-being of children and adolescents through psycho-education and an approach through extended families by leaning on their sources of strength and resilience. A great example is the Chinese approach.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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